Chiang Mai Heritage | Fascinating History Of Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai Heritage begins with the fascinating visionary leader King Mengrai. One night the king had a dream. In it, he dreamed that a serpent, an elephant, and a white umbrella converged at a certain location. Interpreting this as a divine sign, he chose this auspicious spot to establish his new capital, Chiang Mai in 1296.
Chiang Mai may be the second-largest city in Thailand, but it still retains many traditional charms. Despite now being a modern city, the old town still has an interesting character—surrounded by ancient walls and a moat, the inner city is a small city in itself. It’s where much of the tourism infrastructure is, and it will be where you want to spend a good portion of your time.
It’s also home to one of the major pulls of Chiang Mai – Sunday Walking Street. But before we get to the temples and walking street let’s discover the history of this charming place.
Chiang Mai Heritage Begins With King Mengrai
King Mengrai had already established Chiang Rai in 1262. But over time he sought a more secure place for his kingdom’s growth. Chiang Mai was the perfect spot. It sat on the banks of the Ping River and was surrounded by fertile plains. It had an abundance of resources and was close enough to nearby kingdoms to establish important trade links.
Mengrai’s reign was a high point for the Lanna Kingdom. The king was a skilled military leader, diplomat, and patron of the arts. Under his rule, Lanna experienced significant cultural and artistic flourishing. The kingdom’s artisans produced textiles, ceramics, and metalwork, while its monks and scholars excelled in religious studies and literature.
Wiang Kum Kam
The current location of Chiang Mai was not the first location for the city. Amidst tranquil natural surroundings Wiang Kum Kam, is the old forgotten part of Lanna Kingdom’s heritage.
Its grandeur, however, was short-lived. However, dream interpretation is fraught with difficulty and Wiang Kum Kam was prone to frequent flooding. The new city was moved only ten years later.
Over centuries, Wiang Kum Kam was gradually swallowed by the river’s relentless silt, disappearing beneath layers of mud and vegetation. It wasn’t until the 1980s that archaeological excavations began to unearth its secrets.
Today, visitors can explore the ruins of its ancient temples, city walls, and moats. The most prominent site is Wat Chang Kam, a temple with a unique chedi adorned with elephant statues. Other notable ruins include Wat Ku Kham, Wat Ku Khao, and Wat Chang Taen.
The ruins of ancient temples, crumbling city walls, and moss-covered stone structures are all that remain. To truly appreciate the tranquillity of the place, explore Wiang Kum Kam by renting a bicycle. Meander along the riverbanks. It’s a much slower place once you get out of the main city. As you pedal past crumbling temples and ancient city gates, you’ll feel a sense of wonder and awe at the history before your very eyes.
Theravada Buddhism
One of the Lanna Kingdom’s most significant contributions was promoting Theravada Buddhism. The construction of numerous temples, such as Wat Doi Suthep and Wat Chedi Luang, became symbols of the kingdom’s religious devotion. These temples served as places of worship and became centres of learning and community life.
Wat Chedi Luang
Wat Chedi Luang, a relic of Chiang Mai’s golden age, looms large over the old town. This place with its colossal, truncated chedi, shows off the glory of the Lanna Kingdom.
The chedi, once a towering marvel, now poignantly reminds us of time’s relentless march. An earthquake and neglect have taken their toll. But still, it retains grandeur. The large chedi is just one part of the fabulous temple. There are quaint temples and worship areas surrounding the large old structure.
Wandering the temple grounds is a serene feeling, broken only by the soft chanting of monks and the occasional bell toll. It’s a place of quiet contemplation, where you can lose yourself in the intricacies of the temple’s architecture or simply sit and watch the world go by.
Wat Doi Suthep
Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, a revered Buddhist temple perched atop Doi Suthep mountain in Chiang Mai, Thailand, is a testament to the region’s rich history and deep-rooted spirituality. Its golden chedi, adorned with intricate mosaics and housing sacred Buddha relics, is a beacon of faith and a symbol of the Lanna Kingdom’s cultural heritage.
The temple’s foundation is steeped in legend. It is said that a white elephant, carrying a portion of Buddha’s shoulder bone, wandered up the mountain, its trunk pointing towards the ideal location for the temple. This sacred relic, believed to have been brought from Sukhothai, is enshrined within the chedi, drawing pilgrims and devotees from far and wide.
The temple complex showcases a blend of Lanna and Burmese architectural styles, evident in the ornate chedi, the intricate wood carvings, and the serene prayer halls. The surrounding landscape, with its lush greenery and breathtaking vistas, adds to the temple’s spiritual aura.
Arts And Crafts Flourished Under Lanna Kingdom
The Lanna Kingdom under King Mengrai flourished as a cultural and artistic hub. The kingdom’s artisans produced exquisite textiles, ceramics, and metalwork, while its monks and scholars excelled in religious studies and literature.
Lanna textiles, particularly silk weaving, reached a high level of sophistication. The colours and patterns of Lanna textiles were admired throughout Southeast Asia. These textiles create clothing, household items, and religious artifacts.
Lanna ceramics were also renowned for their beauty and functionality. Potters produced a wide range of ceramic wares, including pottery, porcelain, and earthenware. These ceramics were used for everyday purposes as well as for ceremonial and religious rituals.
Wat Sri Suphan: A Silver Wonder
King Mengrai invited skilled silversmiths from neighbouring kingdoms to share their expertise with the local artisans.
Indeed the Lanna people are skilled artisans, particularly with Silver. It is still used today to create exquisite jewellery, religious artifacts, and household items. Chiang Mai’s silver district remains a hub of traditional creativity. The narrow lanes are lined with shops, workshops, and galleries, each offering a glimpse into the world of silver. From delicate filigree jewellery to ornate temple decorations, the city’s silversmiths continue to produce stunning works of art that capture the essence of Lanna culture.
Wat Sri Suphan, or the “Silver Temple,” is a stunning landmark in Chiang Mai. Unlike other temples adorned with gold leaf, this temple is primarily decorated with silver, aluminium, and nickel. This unconventional choice of materials gives the temple a distinctive, almost ethereal appearance.
The intricate silverwork on the temple walls, pillars, and ceiling is a testament to the skill of the local artisans. The metalwork depicts scenes from Buddhist mythology and history, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of the Lanna Kingdom. Each silver plate is a masterpiece, meticulously crafted by hand.
Interestingly, women are not allowed inside the main ordination hall, as it houses sacred objects and amulets. However, the exterior of the hall is a sight to behold, with its stunning silver facade. Visitors can still appreciate the intricate details and the craftsmanship that went into creating this unique structure.
Beyond its architectural beauty, Wat Sri Suphan is also a centre for preserving traditional silver craftsmanship. The temple houses an Ancient Lanna Arts Study Centre, where local artists teach the next generation the art of silverwork. This ensures that this valuable tradition continues to thrive.
Downfall Of Lanna Kingdom
The decline of the Lanna Kingdom began in the 16th century, marked by a series of internal struggles and external pressures. One of these was the rise of the Burmese Taungoo Dynasty, which launched a series of invasions into Lanna territory. These invasions weakened the kingdom and led to the loss of territory and resources.
Another significant factor was the internal strife within the Lanna royal family. Successive rulers engaged in power struggles, leading to instability and weakening the kingdom’s defences.
Despite these challenges, the Lanna people maintained their cultural identity and resilience. They continued to practice their traditions, preserve their language, and uphold the teachings of Theravada Buddhism. The kingdom’s rich heritage, including its art, architecture, and literature, continued to thrive, albeit on a smaller scale.
Burmese Invasion Of 1558
The Burmese invasion of Lanna in 1558 marked a long downturn for Chiang Mai. Led by King Bayinnaung of the Toungoo Dynasty, the Burmese military known for its strength conquered the Lanna Kingdom.
The Burmese occupation had a lasting impact. The invaders imposed heavy taxes, conscripted Lanna soldiers, and plundered the kingdom. Many Lanna people were forced into slavery or forced to relocate to Burma. The Burmese also targeted Lanna’s Buddhist temples, destroying many of them and looting their treasures.
But despite the hardships the Lanna people never completely lost their spirit. They continued to practice traditions and preserve their language. They upheld the teachings of Theravada Buddhism. Secret resistance movements slowly emerged, and Lanna leaders continued to plot for independence.
The Burmese rule over Lanna lasted for over two centuries, until the late 18th century when the kingdom was liberated by a joint effort of Lanna and Siamese forces. While the Burmese occupation left a deep mark on Lanna’s history, it also forged a resilient mix of both the Burmese and Lanna people. The two came together to form what we consider Chiang Mai heritage today.
The Siamese Era
The Siamese era marked a significant period in Chiang Mai’s history, reshaping its trajectory and influencing its culture. After Burmese domination, Chiang Mai was liberated by the Siamese King Taksin in 1774. This event marked the start of a new hopeful era, one that could return Chiang Mai to its previous heights.
Under Siamese rule stability and prosperity ensued. The city was handed to local rulers who were loyal to the Siamese crown. This allowed Chiang Mai to maintain a degree of autonomy and preserve its cultural identity.
Chao Kawila was a charismatic leader who played a crucial role in the city’s resurgence. He encouraged the resettlement of the city, attracting people from various ethnic groups to rebuild Chiang Mai. Kawila’s efforts led to a revival of trade and commerce, as well as the restoration of many city temples.
As the 19th century progressed, the government began to exert greater control over Chiang Mai. Reforms were initiated that were to help modernise the kingdom. These reforms had a significant impact. Chiang Mai became more integrated into the broader Siamese state.
Cultural Heritage Lives On
In addition to the visual arts, the Lanna Kingdom also excelled in the performing arts. Traditional Lanna dances, like Fon Lek and Fon Rai, are performed in festivals and ceremonies. These dances incorporate intricate hand gestures and colourful costumes, reflecting the culture of the Lanna people.
Lanna people’s unique language, traditions, and artistic expressions continue to shape the identity of Northern Thailand. The Lanna traditions, including the large arts, and crafts scene continue to flourish. Chiang Mai’s blend of Thai and Lanna has made it a popular destination for tourists from all over. No better example of the flourishing crafts scene is places like Sunday Walking Street.
Sunday Walking Street
In the centre of Chiang Mai city from Tha Phae Gate to the Kings Monument, and on up to Wat Pra Singh junction every Sunday; is a heaving mass of people wandering along Chiang Mai Sunday Walking Street.
You’ll find everything here. Exquisite silk scarves made by local craftspeople. Delicate silver jewellery sits beside garish neon trinkets. Women’s latest Lanna style fashions. Soft furnishings. Not to mention lots upon lots of food to sample! Skewered meats barbecues, french fries with cheese or turmeric, takeaway noodles, fruit shakes, and a whole range of Lanna foods in the nearby temples, sidewalks and spaces.
The crowds are dense so the best strategy is to let yourself be carried along. Lose yourself in the labyrinth of stalls, and let the sights and sounds wash over you. And if you’re feeling peckish, just follow your nose.
Chiang Mai Heritage And Kantoke Dinner
At a traditional Chiang Mai heritage Kantoke dinner you’re going to be sitting on the floor, cross-legged like a pretzel. Don’t let that put you off, because you’re in for a king’s feast. Tasty treats like Hanglay Curry, Nam Prik Ong, Crispy Pork Rind, Chicken Wings, and Som Tam served with Sticky Rice.
Feast intently while a traditional Lanna music and dance performance entertains you. Hear stories from the Ramakien. You’ll see graceful movements, twirling dancers, and music that sounds like a thousand tiny bells ringing.
Visit Chiang Mai Heritage Spots
Chiang Mai today, thrives as a bustling city that successfully blends ancient with modern. The echoes of the past; in the temples, the silverwork. Remind us of Chiang mao heritage. The Sunday Walking Street tell us traditions haven’t stagnated but have become a living legacy.
Chiang Mai is a treasure trove for heritage lovers. It has many stunning temples to wander around in contemplation. The old city, with its narrow sois that zig-zag the city, traditional houses, and busy night markets is a place where you can immerse yourself in the local arts and crafts scene whilst appreciating the city’s unique Lanna culture.
