Chiang Mai Heritage begins with the fascinating visionary leader King Mengrai. One night, the king had a dream. In it, he dreamed that a serpent, an elephant, and a white umbrella converged at a certain location. Interpreting this as a divine sign, he chose this auspicious spot to establish his new capital, Chiang Mai, in 1296.
Chiang Mai may be the second-largest city in Thailand, but it still retains many traditional charms. Despite now being a modern city, the old town still has an interesting character—surrounded by ancient walls and a moat, the inner city is small in itself. It’s where much of the tourism infrastructure is, and it will be where you want to spend a good portion of your time.
It’s also home to one of the major pulls of Chiang Mai – Sunday Walking Street. But before we get to the temples and Walking Street, let’s discover the history of this charming place.
Chiang Mai Heritage Begins With King Mengrai
King Mengrai established Chiang Rai in 1262. Over time, he sought a more secure place for his kingdom’s growth. Chiang Mai offered the perfect spot. It sat on the banks of the Ping River among fertile plains. The area provided abundant resources and sat near kingdoms to establish important trade links.
Mengrai’s reign was a high point for the Lanna Kingdom. The king was a skilled military leader, diplomat, and patron of the arts. Under his rule, Lanna experienced significant cultural and artistic flourishing. The kingdom’s artisans produced textiles, ceramics, and metalwork, while its monks and scholars excelled in religious studies and literature.
Wiang Kum Kam
The current location of Chiang Mai was not the first location for the city. Amidst tranquil natural surroundings, Wiang Kum Kam is the old, forgotten part of the Lanna Kingdom’s heritage.
Its grandeur, however, was short-lived. However, dream interpretation is fraught with difficulty, and Wiang Kum Kam was prone to frequent flooding. The new city was moved only ten years later.
Over centuries, the river’s relentless silt swallowed Wiang Kum Kam, burying it beneath layers of mud and vegetation. In the 1980s, archaeologists finally began to unearth the city’s secrets.
Today, visitors can explore the ruins of its ancient temples, city walls, and moats. The most prominent site is Wat Chang Kam, a temple with a unique chedi adorned with elephant statues. Other notable ruins include Wat Ku Kham, Wat Ku Khao, and Wat Chang Taen.
The ruins of ancient temples, crumbling city walls, and moss-covered stone structures are all that remain. To truly appreciate the tranquillity of the place, explore Wiang Kum Kam by renting a bicycle. Meander along the riverbanks. It’s a much slower place once you get out of the main city. As you pedal past crumbling temples and ancient city gates, you’ll feel a sense of wonder and awe at the history before your very eyes.
Theravada Buddhism
One of the Lanna Kingdom’s most significant contributions was promoting Theravada Buddhism. The construction of numerous temples, such as Wat Doi Suthep and Wat Chedi Luang, became symbols of the kingdom’s religious devotion. These temples served as places of worship and became centres of learning and community life.
Wat Chedi Luang
Wat Chedi Luang, a relic of Chiang Mai’s golden age, looms large over the old town. This place, with its colossal, truncated chedi, shows off the glory of the Lanna Kingdom.
The chedi, once a towering marvel, now poignantly reminds us of time’s relentless march. An earthquake and neglect have taken their toll. But still, it retains grandeur. The large chedi is just one part of the fabulous temple. There are quaint temples and worship areas surrounding the large old structure.
Wandering the temple grounds is a serene feeling, broken only by the soft chanting of monks and the occasional bell toll. It’s a place of quiet contemplation, where you can lose yourself in the intricacies of the temple’s architecture or simply sit and watch the world go by.
Wat Doi Suthep
Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, a revered Buddhist temple perched atop Doi Suthep mountain in Chiang Mai, Thailand, is a testament to the region’s rich history and deep-rooted spirituality. Its golden chedi, adorned with intricate mosaics and housing sacred Buddha relics, is a beacon of faith and a symbol of the Lanna Kingdom’s cultural heritage.
Legend steeps the temple’s foundation in mystery. A white elephant, carrying Buddha’s shoulder bone, wandered up the mountain to choose this location. Workers enshrined this sacred Sukhothai relic within the chedi. The shrine draws pilgrims and devotees from far and wide.
The temple complex showcases a blend of Lanna and Burmese architectural styles, evident in the ornate chedi, the intricate wood carvings, and the serene prayer halls. The surrounding landscape, with its lush greenery and breathtaking vistas, adds to the temple’s spiritual aura.
Arts and Crafts Flourished Under the Lanna Kingdom
The Lanna Kingdom under King Mengrai flourished as a cultural and artistic hub. The kingdom’s artisans produced exquisite textiles, ceramics, and metalwork, while its monks and scholars excelled in religious studies and literature.
Lanna textiles, particularly silk weaving, reached a high level of sophistication. The colours and patterns of Lanna textiles were admired throughout Southeast Asia. These textiles create clothing, household items, and religious artifacts.
Lanna ceramics also earned renown for their beauty and functionality. Potters produced a wide range of wares, including pottery, porcelain, and earthenware. People used these ceramics for everyday purposes and religious rituals.
Wat Sri Suphan: A Silver Wonder
King Mengrai invited skilled silversmiths from neighbouring kingdoms to share their expertise with the local artisans.
Lanna artisans demonstrate immense skill, particularly with silver. They still create exquisite jewellery, religious artifacts, and household items today. Chiang Mai’s silver district remains a hub of traditional creativity. Shops, workshops, and galleries line the narrow lanes, offering glimpses into silver production. From filigree jewellery to temple decorations, silversmiths produce stunning art that captures Lanna culture.
Wat Sri Suphan, or the “Silver Temple,” is a stunning landmark in Chiang Mai. Unlike other temples adorned with gold leaf, this temple is primarily decorated with silver, aluminium, and nickel. This unconventional choice of materials gives the temple a distinctive, almost ethereal appearance.
The intricate silverwork on the temple walls, pillars, and ceiling is a testament to the skill of the local artisans. The metalwork depicts scenes from Buddhist mythology and history, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of the Lanna Kingdom. Each silver plate is a masterpiece, meticulously crafted by hand.
Interestingly, women are not allowed inside the main ordination hall, as it houses sacred objects and amulets. However, the exterior of the hall is a sight to behold, with its stunning silver facade. Visitors can still appreciate the intricate details and the craftsmanship that went into creating this unique structure.
Beyond its architectural beauty, Wat Sri Suphan is also a centre for preserving traditional silver craftsmanship. The temple houses an Ancient Lanna Arts Study Centre, where local artists teach the next generation the art of silverwork. This ensures that this valuable tradition continues to thrive.
Downfall of the Lanna Kingdom
The decline of the Lanna Kingdom began in the 16th century, marked by a series of internal struggles and external pressures. One of these was the rise of the Burmese Taungoo Dynasty, which launched a series of invasions into Lanna territory. These invasions weakened the kingdom and led to the loss of territory and resources.
Another significant factor was the internal strife within the Lanna royal family. Successive rulers engaged in power struggles, leading to instability and weakening the kingdom’s defences.
Despite these challenges, the Lanna people maintained their cultural identity and resilience. They continued to practice their traditions, preserve their language, and uphold the teachings of Theravada Buddhism. The kingdom’s rich heritage, including its art, architecture, and literature, continued to thrive, albeit on a smaller scale.
Burmese Invasion of 1558
The Burmese invasion of Lanna in 1558 marked a long downturn for Chiang Mai. Led by King Bayinnaung of the Toungoo Dynasty, the Burmese military, known for its strength, conquered the Lanna Kingdom.
The Burmese occupation left a lasting impact. The invaders imposed heavy taxes, conscripted Lanna soldiers, and plundered the kingdom. The Burmese forced many Lanna people into slavery or relocation. They also targeted Buddhist temples, destroying structures and looting treasures.
But despite the hardship, the Lanna people never completely lost their spirit. They continued to practice traditions and preserve their language. They upheld the teachings of Theravada Buddhism. Secret resistance movements slowly emerged, and Lanna leaders continued to plot for independence.
The Burmese ruled Lanna for over two centuries until a joint effort of Lanna and Siamese forces liberated the kingdom in the late 18th century. While the Burmese occupation left a deep mark on Lanna’s history, it also forged a resilient cultural mix. These two groups came together to form the Chiang Mai heritage we celebrate today.
The Siamese Era
The Siamese era marked a significant period in Chiang Mai’s history, reshaping its trajectory and influencing its culture. After Burmese domination, Siamese King Taksin liberated Chiang Mai in 1774. This event launched a hopeful new era that could return Chiang Mai to its previous heights.
Under Siamese rule, stability and prosperity ensued. The city was handed to local rulers who were loyal to the Siamese crown. This allowed Chiang Mai to maintain a degree of autonomy and preserve its cultural identity.
Chao Kawila was a charismatic leader who played a crucial role in the city’s resurgence. He encouraged the resettlement of the city, attracting people from various ethnic groups to rebuild Chiang Mai. Kawila’s efforts led to a revival of trade and commerce, as well as the restoration of many city temples.
As the 19th century progressed, the government exerted greater control over Chiang Mai. The state initiated reforms to help modernise the kingdom. These reforms made a significant impact. Chiang Mai integrated more deeply into the broader Siamese state.
Cultural Heritage Lives On
Beyond visual arts, the Lanna Kingdom excelled in the performing arts. People perform traditional Lanna dances, like Fon Lek and Fon Rai, during festivals and ceremonies. These dances incorporate intricate hand gestures and colourful costumes, reflecting Lanna culture.
Lanna people’s unique language, traditions, and artistic expressions continue to shape the identity of Northern Thailand. The Lanna traditions, including the large arts and crafts scene, continue to flourish. Chiang Mai’s blend of Thai and Lanna has made it a popular destination for tourists from all over. No better example of the flourishing crafts scene is places like Sunday Walking Street.
Sunday Walking Street
In the centre of Chiang Mai city, from Tha Phae Gate to the King’s Monument, and on up to Wat Pra Singh junction every Sunday, is a heaving mass of people wandering along Chiang Mai Sunday Walking Street.
You’ll find everything here. Exquisite silk scarves made by local craftspeople. Delicate silver jewellery sits beside garish neon trinkets. Women’s latest Lanna style fashions. Soft furnishings. Not to mention lots upon lots of food to sample! Skewered meats, barbecues, French fries with cheese or turmeric, takeaway noodles, fruit shakes, and a whole range of Lanna foods in the nearby temples, sidewalks and spaces.
The crowds are dense, so the best strategy is to let yourself be carried along. Lose yourself in the labyrinth of stalls, and let the sights and sounds wash over you. And if you’re feeling peckish, just follow your nose.
Chiang Mai Heritage and Kantoke Dinner
At a traditional Chiang Mai heritage Kantoke dinner, you’re going to be sitting on the floor, cross-legged like a pretzel. Don’t let that put you off, because you’re in for a king’s feast. Tasty treats like Hanglay Curry, Nam Prik Ong, Crispy Pork Rind, Chicken Wings, and Som Tam are served with Sticky Rice.
Feast intently while a traditional Lanna music and dance performance entertains you. Hear stories from the Ramakien. You’ll see graceful movements, twirling dancers, and music that sounds like a thousand tiny bells ringing.
Visit Chiang Mai Heritage Spots
Chiang Mai today thrives as a city that successfully blends ancient with modern. The echoes of the past, in the temples, the silverwork, all remind us of Chiang Mai’s heritage. The Sunday Walking Street tell us traditions haven’t stagnated but have become a living legacy.
Chiang Mai is a treasure trove for heritage travellers. It has many stunning temples to wander around in contemplation. The old city, with its narrow sois that zig-zag the city, traditional houses, and busy night markets, is a place where you get to immerse yourself in the local arts and crafts scene whilst appreciating the city’s unique Lanna culture.
Chiang Mai Heritage FAQs
What is the history of Chiang Mai and the Lanna Kingdom?
Chiang Mai was founded in 1296 by King Mengrai and became the capital of the Lanna Kingdom, or “Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields.” The city’s history is marked by its strategic location and a strong sense of identity, which has endured through periods of internal strife and a long occupation by the Burmese. The city was eventually liberated and integrated into the Siamese kingdom.
What role did Buddhism play in shaping Chiang Mai’s heritage?
Theravada Buddhism had a profound influence on the Lanna Kingdom and remains central to Chiang Mai’s heritage. The city is home to numerous iconic temples that were constructed during this period, such as Wat Chedi Luang, which once housed the Emerald Buddha, and Wat Doi Suthep, a highly revered temple on the mountainside.
What are some of the major heritage attractions in Chiang Mai’s old city?
The old city of Chiang Mai, which is surrounded by a moat and remnants of its original walls, is a treasure trove of heritage sites. Key attractions include the Three Kings Monument, which honours the founders of the city; the historic Tha Phae Gate; and numerous ancient temples like Wat Phra Singh and Wat Chedi Luang. The city is also known for its vibrant street markets, like the Sunday Walking Street, which showcase local crafts and culture.
What are some of the unique art forms and crafts of the Lanna people?
The Lanna Kingdom was a hub for arts and crafts. Traditional Lanna art is heavily influenced by Buddhism, with intricate sculptures, murals, and temple architecture being prominent. The local people are also famous for their craftsmanship in weaving, ceramics, and silverwork, which can be seen at sites like Wat Sri Suphan, a temple almost entirely covered in silver.
How is Chiang Mai’s heritage being preserved today?
Today, efforts are underway to have the city designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Chiang Mai Heritage Centre and other organisations are working to document, preserve, and promote the city’s rich history, traditions, and unique Lanna identity. These efforts include balancing modern urbanisation with heritage conservation and making the city’s cultural assets accessible to both locals and tourists.
